David Woodin on wed 26 oct 11
Could the crazing be due to a change in G-200 formula it is now G200 HP (=
=3D
high=3D20
Potash) as sold by Laguna as of Oct 2010.
Birgit Wright on wed 26 oct 11
Hi Url/Earl=3D3B Me too=3D2C this has only been recent=3D2C the past 6-8 m=
onths =3D
and it dosen't happen all the time=3D2C same glaze. I was thinking it may=
b=3D
e where it is too thick=3D2C I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4=
-5=3D
pieces as it settles. I wondered if in settling=3D2C the ratio of ingredie=
nt=3D
s was off in sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one =
=3D
ingredient that I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the=
=3D
crazing when looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and unm=
=3D
arked when you look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in=
=3D
the house and so far no stains.
No answer here.
Birgit Wright
=3D20
=3D20
> Date: Tue=3D2C 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
> >=3D20
> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
> Cone 6 Glazes.
>=3D20
> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
> slow cooled. Sorry=3D2C I don't have the actual program
> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>=3D20
> Any ideas/suggestions?
>=3D20
> Thanks.
>=3D20
> Frustrated Earl
> oregon=3D2C usa
=3D
Lynn Wheeler on wed 26 oct 11
Hello,
Once in a while this happens to me too, but in my case it is with bowls tha=
t
I've been using for about 6 years. Microwave, dishwasher, constant use, and
then all of a sudden thin crazing lines appear (and sometimes actual glaze
cracks) on the bottom inside of the bowl. Yes, the glaze is thicker there,
but I could use a reminder as to what the specific factors are that make
this happen after such a long time.
Thank you all for this wonderful resource of help and ideas.
Lynn Wheeler
On 10/26/11 10:54 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
> Hi Url/Earl; Me too, this has only been recent, the past 6-8 months and =
it
> dosen't happen all the time, same glaze. I was thinking it may be where =
it is
> too thick, I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces as it
> settles. I wondered if in settling, the ratio of ingredients was off in
> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one ingredient =
that
> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing when
> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and unmarked when y=
ou
> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the house an=
d so
> far no stains.
> No answer here.
> Birgit Wright
>
>
>
>> Date: Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
>>>
>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
>> Cone 6 Glazes.
>>
>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
>> slow cooled. Sorry, I don't have the actual program
>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>>
>> Any ideas/suggestions?
>>
>> Thanks.
>>
>> Frustrated Earl
>> oregon, usa
>
Ron Roy on wed 26 oct 11
Hi Lynn,
Same glaze? If not let me take a look at yours - it may help me with
the solution.
RR
Quoting Lynn Wheeler :
> Hello,
>
> Once in a while this happens to me too, but in my case it is with bowls t=
hat
> I've been using for about 6 years. Microwave, dishwasher, constant use, a=
nd
> then all of a sudden thin crazing lines appear (and sometimes actual glaz=
e
> cracks) on the bottom inside of the bowl. Yes, the glaze is thicker there=
,
> but I could use a reminder as to what the specific factors are that make
> this happen after such a long time.
>
> Thank you all for this wonderful resource of help and ideas.
> Lynn Wheeler
>
>
> On 10/26/11 10:54 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
>
>> Hi Url/Earl; Me too, this has only been recent, the past 6-8 months and=
it
>> dosen't happen all the time, same glaze. I was thinking it may be
>> where it is
>> too thick, I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces as it
>> settles. I wondered if in settling, the ratio of ingredients was off in
>> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one
>> ingredient that
>> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing when
>> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and unmarked when =
you
>> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the
>> house and so
>> far no stains.
>> No answer here.
>> Birgit Wright
>>
>>
>>
>>> Date: Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
>>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
>>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
>>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
>>>>
>>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
>>> Cone 6 Glazes.
>>>
>>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
>>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
>>> slow cooled. Sorry, I don't have the actual program
>>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
>>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>>>
>>> Any ideas/suggestions?
>>>
>>> Thanks.
>>>
>>> Frustrated Earl
>>> oregon, usa
>>
>
Lynn Wheeler on wed 26 oct 11
Hello Ron,
No, the pots in question were glazed with commercial glazes, 2, or sometime=
s
3 different glazes overlapped. Cone 6 oxidation, on a 4-6 brown stoneware
similar to Standard Ceramic Supply's 112 Brown Clay, which I believe is a
high expansion clay body, and this clay body is without the manganese.
Doesn't happen often, but the long delay (many years) is surprising to me.
It's happened on 2 sets of very different glazes, and I'm sure the area
represents the thickest glaze application area on the pot, but not so thick
that one with experience would be concerned.
Your theory as to why it happens after years, would be appreciated, but no
need to do any testing, as I don't have the recipes. Laguna Spring Green an=
d
Emerude was one set, with a little Mayco Sour Apple splashed on.
Enjoy your trip! And thank you for your gracious willingness to help other
potters.
Lynn
> Hi Lynn,
>
> Same glaze? If not let me take a look at yours - it may help me with
> the solution.
>
> RR
>
>
> Quoting Lynn Wheeler :
>
>> Hello,
>>
>> Once in a while this happens to me too, but in my case it is with bowls =
that
>> I've been using for about 6 years. Microwave, dishwasher, constant use, =
and
>> then all of a sudden thin crazing lines appear (and sometimes actual gla=
ze
>> cracks) on the bottom inside of the bowl. Yes, the glaze is thicker ther=
e,
>> but I could use a reminder as to what the specific factors are that make
>> this happen after such a long time.
>>
>> Thank you all for this wonderful resource of help and ideas.
>> Lynn Wheeler
>>
>>
>> On 10/26/11 10:54 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
>>
>>> Hi Url/Earl; Me too, this has only been recent, the past 6-8 months an=
d it
>>> dosen't happen all the time, same glaze. I was thinking it may be
>>> where it is
>>> too thick, I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces as i=
t
>>> settles. I wondered if in settling, the ratio of ingredients was off in
>>> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one
>>> ingredient that
>>> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing whe=
n
>>> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and unmarked when=
you
>>> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the
>>> house and so
>>> far no stains.
>>> No answer here.
>>> Birgit Wright
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>> Date: Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
>>>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
>>>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
>>>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
>>>>>
>>>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
>>>> Cone 6 Glazes.
>>>>
>>>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
>>>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
>>>> slow cooled. Sorry, I don't have the actual program
>>>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
>>>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>>>>
>>>> Any ideas/suggestions?
>>>>
>>>> Thanks.
>>>>
>>>> Frustrated Earl
>>>> oregon, usa
>>>
>>
William & Susan Schran User on thu 27 oct 11
Birgit and Frustrated Earl,
Not all clay bodies and glazes work together in the same way.
I see this all the time in my classes with students using a variety of clay
bodies, but all using common glazes. On some clays the glazes fit well, on
others, many of the same glazes craze.
You either need to change and test other clays or adjust your glaze to fit
your clay. The simplest way would be to run a series of tests adding
additional percentages of silica to the glaze. Make up small batches of
glaze, 100 or 200 grams and to each successive test batch add: 2%, 4%, 6%,
8% additional silica. Be best to apply to both vertical and horizontal
surfaces at the same thickness you usually apply glazes.
As for the settling issue - some glazes will settle out fast due to specifi=
c
ingredients. Nepheline Syenite and Frits will often cause this. If glaze
contains little clay, try adding 2% bentonite. If that doesn't solve it,
then try adding epsom salts. Make a saturated solution of epsom salts (add
salts to water until no more will go into solution) and add this in very
small amounts! Often one teaspoon to 500 grams of glaze can work. We have a
class glaze that hard pans and have to add 3 tablespoons of epsom salt
solution to keep in suspension.
Bill
--
William "Bill" Schran
wschran@cox.net
wschran@nvcc.edu
http://www.creativecreekartisans.com
On 10/26/11 10:54 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
> Hi Url/Earl; Me too, this has only been recent, the past 6-8 months and =
it
> dosen't happen all the time, same glaze. I was thinking it may be where =
it is
> too thick, I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces as it
> settles. I wondered if in settling, the ratio of ingredients was off in
> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one ingredient =
that
> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing when
> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and unmarked when y=
ou
> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the house an=
d so
> far no stains.
> No answer here.
> Birgit Wright
>
>
>
>> Date: Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
>>>
>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
>> Cone 6 Glazes.
>>
>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
>> slow cooled. Sorry, I don't have the actual program
>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>>
>> Any ideas/suggestions?
>>
>> Thanks.
>>
>> Frustrated Earl
>> oregon, usa
>
William & Susan Schran User on thu 27 oct 11
On 10/26/11 11:12 PM, "David Woodin" wrote:
> Could the crazing be due to a change in G-200 formula it is now G200 HP (=
high
> Potash) as sold by Laguna as of Oct 2010.
Certainly.
Different material often changes the COE.
Bill
--
William "Bill" Schran
wschran@cox.net
wschran@nvcc.edu
http://www.creativecreekartisans.com
Birgit Wright on thu 27 oct 11
Hi Ron=3D3B This is very recent occurance for me=3D2C I checked and have n=
ot u=3D
sed the new G-200 in the glaze recipe but I have started useing PSH 522 ^6 =
=3D
white stoneware where I had been using 519 before=3D2C the idea being that =
th=3D
e 522 was more suited to handbuilding.
It also happens only on the bottom of plates and bowls=3D2C I don't see it =
on=3D
or in mugs or vertical sides.
=3D20
Thank you for letting us bring this to you.
=3D20
Birgit Wright
http://birgitspots.blogspot.com/
=3D20
=3D20
> >
> >
> > On 10/26/11 10:54 AM=3D2C "Birgit Wright" wro=
te=3D
:
> >
> >> Hi Url/Earl=3D3B Me too=3D2C this has only been recent=3D2C the past 6=
-8 mon=3D
ths and it
> >> dosen't happen all the time=3D2C same glaze. I was thinking it may be
> >> where it is
> >> too thick=3D2C I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces =
as=3D
it
> >> settles. I wondered if in settling=3D2C the ratio of ingredients was o=
ff=3D
in
> >> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one
> >> ingredient that
> >> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing when
> >> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and unmarked whe=
=3D
n you
> >> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the
> >> house and so
> >> far no stains.
> >> No answer here.
> >> Birgit Wright
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>> Date: Tue=3D2C 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
> >>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
> >>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
> >>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
> >>>>
> >>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
> >>> Cone 6 Glazes.
> >>>
> >>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
> >>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
> >>> slow cooled. Sorry=3D2C I don't have the actual program
> >>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
> >>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
> >>>
> >>> Any ideas/suggestions?
> >>>
> >>> Thanks.
> >>>
> >>> Frustrated Earl
> >>> oregon=3D2C usa
> >>
> >
=3D
William & Susan Schran User on thu 27 oct 11
On 10/27/11 9:13 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
> Hi Ron; This is very recent occurance for me, I checked and have not use=
d the
> new G-200 in the glaze recipe but I have started useing PSH 522 ^6 white
> stoneware where I had been using 519 before, the idea being that the 522 =
was
> more suited to handbuilding.
> It also happens only on the bottom of plates and bowls, I don't see it on=
or
> in mugs or vertical sides.
> Thank you for letting us bring this to you.
Might be the glaze is simply building up too thick in those specific forms.
Might want to consider how you are applying the glaze to these forms.
One way to avoid thick glaze application to bottom of bowls would be to wet
the bottom interior of bowl with sponge & water right before applying glaze=
.
The wetted clay will prevent as much water from being absorbed and
depositing a thicker amount of glaze.
Bill
--
William "Bill" Schran
wschran@cox.net
wschran@nvcc.edu
http://www.creativecreekartisans.com
Ron Roy on thu 27 oct 11
Hi Lynn,
First - if water can get in the clay - under the glaze - the clay can
rehydrate a bit - when that happens the clay expands and the glaze
crazes - pots get too big for the glaze. Big problem for low fire
bodies - you get the glaze fit right but the water gets in and the
clay expands and the glaze crazes. Talc bodies are better because they
resist the expansion from absorbed water.
Delayed crazing can happen when the glaze is not under enough
compression (body winds up smaller than the glaze) - cold water on a
hot pot can make the glaze contract a fraction of a second before the
clay cools would be one way.
There are tests to estimate how long glazes will take to delay craze -
heat the pot and plunge into cold water.
Delayed crazing is the easiest to fix while keeping the glaze looking
the same.
Most clay makers don't test each run of clay - the bodies are changing
all the time simply because the raw clays are constantly changing -
big factor, especially if your glaze is close to crazing to start with.
I remember reading - in the Hamer dictionary I think - some english
potters felt a lot safer if their glazes crazed once in a while. That
meant they did not have to worry about shivering and dunting which are
much worse glaze faults.
I have seen celadon pots in the Royal Ontario Museum from the Sung
dynasty which are still not crazed - I have celadon pots that I made
in the 60's which are still not crazed - all that is needed is to have
the glaze in the right degree of compression.
RR
Quoting Lynn Wheeler :
> Hello Ron,
>
> No, the pots in question were glazed with commercial glazes, 2, or someti=
mes
> 3 different glazes overlapped. Cone 6 oxidation, on a 4-6 brown stoneware
> similar to Standard Ceramic Supply's 112 Brown Clay, which I believe is a
> high expansion clay body, and this clay body is without the manganese.
>
> Doesn't happen often, but the long delay (many years) is surprising to me=
.
> It's happened on 2 sets of very different glazes, and I'm sure the area
> represents the thickest glaze application area on the pot, but not so thi=
ck
> that one with experience would be concerned.
>
> Your theory as to why it happens after years, would be appreciated, but n=
o
> need to do any testing, as I don't have the recipes. Laguna Spring Green =
and
> Emerude was one set, with a little Mayco Sour Apple splashed on.
>
> Enjoy your trip! And thank you for your gracious willingness to help othe=
r
> potters.
>
> Lynn
>
>
>
>
>> Hi Lynn,
>>
>> Same glaze? If not let me take a look at yours - it may help me with
>> the solution.
>>
>> RR
>>
>>
>> Quoting Lynn Wheeler :
>>
>>> Hello,
>>>
>>> Once in a while this happens to me too, but in my case it is with
>>> bowls that
>>> I've been using for about 6 years. Microwave, dishwasher, constant use,=
and
>>> then all of a sudden thin crazing lines appear (and sometimes actual gl=
aze
>>> cracks) on the bottom inside of the bowl. Yes, the glaze is thicker the=
re,
>>> but I could use a reminder as to what the specific factors are that mak=
e
>>> this happen after such a long time.
>>>
>>> Thank you all for this wonderful resource of help and ideas.
>>> Lynn Wheeler
>>>
>>>
>>> On 10/26/11 10:54 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
>>>
>>>> Hi Url/Earl; Me too, this has only been recent, the past 6-8
>>>> months and it
>>>> dosen't happen all the time, same glaze. I was thinking it may be
>>>> where it is
>>>> too thick, I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces as =
it
>>>> settles. I wondered if in settling, the ratio of ingredients was off i=
n
>>>> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one
>>>> ingredient that
>>>> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing wh=
en
>>>> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and
>>>> unmarked when you
>>>> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the
>>>> house and so
>>>> far no stains.
>>>> No answer here.
>>>> Birgit Wright
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> Date: Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
>>>>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
>>>>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
>>>>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
>>>>>>
>>>>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
>>>>> Cone 6 Glazes.
>>>>>
>>>>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
>>>>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
>>>>> slow cooled. Sorry, I don't have the actual program
>>>>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
>>>>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>>>>>
>>>>> Any ideas/suggestions?
>>>>>
>>>>> Thanks.
>>>>>
>>>>> Frustrated Earl
>>>>> oregon, usa
>>>>
>>>
>
>
>
Ron Roy on thu 27 oct 11
Hi David,
As you can see from the following two recipes - one with the old G200
and the same recipe with the new HP 200 there is a difference - and it
could I suppose make enough of a difference under some circumstances
to precipitate crazing - not enough to do it on the porcelain I use
though.
Very easy to adjust the expansion back to the original - see recipe #3
G 200 (old)................. 30.00
WHITING..................... 18.00
EPK......................... 14.00
SILICA...................... 38.00
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
100.00
CaO 0.78*
MgO 0.01*
K2O 0.15*
Na2O 0.06*
Fe2O3 0.00
TiO2 0.00
Al2O3 0.46
SiO2 4.63
P2O5 0.00
Si:Al: 10.13
SiB:Al: 10.13
Thermal Expansion: 423.64 << old expansion
Formula Weight: 387.38
G 200 HP.................... 30.00
WHITING..................... 18.00
EPK......................... 14.00
SILICA...................... 38.00
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
100.00
CaO 0.78*
MgO 0.01*
K2O 0.18*
Na2O 0.03*
Fe2O3 0.00
TiO2 0.00
Al2O3 0.45
SiO2 4.60
P2O5 0.00
Si:Al: 10.14
SiB:Al: 10.14
Thermal Expansion: 435.63 << new expansion
Formula Weight: 386.37
Adjusted for HP G200
G 200 HP.................... 28.50
WHITING..................... 18.00
EPK......................... 15.00
SILICA...................... 38.50
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
100.00
CaO 0.79*
MgO 0.01*
K2O 0.18*
Na2O 0.03*
Fe2O3 0.01
TiO2 0.00
Al2O3 0.46
SiO2 4.65
P2O5 0.00
Si:Al: 10.04 << kept ratio close to original.
SiB:Al: 10.04
Thermal Expansion: 426.94 << expansion lowered
Formula Weight: 390.07
Add 1% iron and all would be celadons at cone 10 R and would look the
same except the g200HP fluxed would be bluer.
RR
Quoting David Woodin :
> Could the crazing be due to a change in G-200 formula it is now G200 HP (=
high
> Potash) as sold by Laguna as of Oct 2010.
>
Ron Roy on thu 27 oct 11
Hi Brigit,
Yes - probably because of the new clay and probably where the glaze is
thicker - when glaze is thinner it has a lower expansion because the
glaze picks up some silica from the clay during melting - which lowers
the expansion of the glaze.
It would be easy to adjust such a glaze to stop the crazing where it
is thick - adding more silica is one way but there are other ways that
can be used which can do the same thing and keep the silica/alumina
ratio the same which is important if you want the glaze to look the
same.
RR
Quoting Birgit Wright :
>
> Hi Ron; This is very recent occurance for me, I checked and have
> not used the new G-200 in the glaze recipe but I have started useing
> PSH 522 ^6 white stoneware where I had been using 519 before, the
> idea being that the 522 was more suited to handbuilding.
> It also happens only on the bottom of plates and bowls, I don't see
> it on or in mugs or vertical sides.
>
> Thank you for letting us bring this to you.
>
> Birgit Wright
> http://birgitspots.blogspot.com/
>
>
>
>> >
>> >
>> > On 10/26/11 10:54 AM, "Birgit Wright" wrote:
>> >
>> >> Hi Url/Earl; Me too, this has only been recent, the past 6-8
>> months and it
>> >> dosen't happen all the time, same glaze. I was thinking it may be
>> >> where it is
>> >> too thick, I do need to stir it up a lot between every 4-5 pieces as =
it
>> >> settles. I wondered if in settling, the ratio of ingredients was off =
in
>> >> sucessive dips. I am not sure if there was a new lot of one
>> >> ingredient that
>> >> I have replenished when making a new batch. I can see the crazing whe=
n
>> >> looking straight down at the surface but it is smooth and
>> unmarked when you
>> >> look obliquely at the surface. I have been using a piece in the
>> >> house and so
>> >> far no stains.
>> >> No answer here.
>> >> Birgit Wright
>> >>
>> >>
>> >>
>> >>> Date: Tue, 25 Oct 2011 12:29:29 -0700
>> >>> From: urlkrueger@GMAIL.COM
>> >>> Subject: Help with delayed crazing pattern
>> >>> To: Clayart@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
>> >>>>
>> >>> The glaze is Clear Glossy Liner from Mastering
>> >>> Cone 6 Glazes.
>> >>>
>> >>> These bowls have been fired in an electric kiln to
>> >>> 1200C with a 20 minute hold at top temperature and
>> >>> slow cooled. Sorry, I don't have the actual program
>> >>> in front of me. The problem is not from just one
>> >>> kiln load but so far from three different runs.
>> >>>
>> >>> Any ideas/suggestions?
>> >>>
>> >>> Thanks.
>> >>>
>> >>> Frustrated Earl
>> >>> oregon, usa
>> >>
>> >
>
| |
|
