Catherine on fri 10 nov 06
No clay stores here in Yuma, so I had a friend in a large city ask about =
the
temperature ranges offered in paper clay. She was told that one size fit=
s
all. Is this possible? If so, why? =0D
=0D
I'm about to make a sculptural piece with extremely thin slabs. I did it=
in
regular clay but it was too fragile and fractured when handled. I want t=
o
try it in paper clay. I'd think that the cone would be determined by the
clay to which the paper pulp is added.=0D
=0D
Thanks, =0D
Catherine in AZ
Marcia Selsor on sat 11 nov 06
Your can fire it one cone above the normal temp of the clay body you
are using.
I usually fire it to the same temperature as my clay body...terra
cotta sculptural/architectural work to ^01-2, Raku
bisque at ^09-06 depending on what other pieces are in the kiln like
saggar pots are not paperclay and I don't bisque the terra sig higher
than ^09.
Marcia Selsor
http://marciaselsor.com
On Nov 10, 2006, at 11:29 PM, Catherine wrote:
> No clay stores here in Yuma, so I had a friend in a large city ask
> about the
> temperature ranges offered in paper clay. She was told that one
> size fits
> all. Is this possible? If so, why?
>
> I'm about to make a sculptural piece with extremely thin slabs. I
> did it in
> regular clay but it was too fragile and fractured when handled. I
> want to
> try it in paper clay. I'd think that the cone would be determined
> by the
> clay to which the paper pulp is added.
>
> Thanks,
> Catherine in AZ
>
Marcia Selsor
http://marciaselsor.com
Meryl Ruth on sat 11 nov 06
Hi,
I have been using a cone 6 white stoneware paper clay that I purchased from
Axner. I have been experimenting with this clay for about six months. I have
had wonderful success with it firing at the normal cone 6 temperature.
You can see some of the work on my website. http://www.merylruth.com
I am now experimenting with the making of my own stoneware paper clay. I
plan to try firing this new product at the regular cone 6 temperature as
well.
Good luck with your work.
Regards,
Meryl Ruth, Porcelain Grace
http://www.merylruth.com
______________________________________________________________________________> Send postings to clayart@lsv.ceramics.org>> You may look at the archives for the list or change your subscription> settings from http://www.ceramics.org/clayart/>> Moderator of the list is Mel Jacobson who may be reached atmelpots@pclink.com.
Snail Scott on sat 11 nov 06
At 10:29 PM 11/10/2006 -0700, Catherine wrote:
>No clay stores here in Yuma, so I had a friend in a large city ask about the
>temperature ranges offered in paper clay. She was told that one size fits
>all. Is this possible?
No! It's more like, one size fits all equally
badly. Paperclay is no different from any other
clay; it has _one_ optimum point of vitrification.
I suspect their supplier is relying on the fact
that most folks don't use it for functional ware.
>I'm about to make a sculptural piece with extremely thin slabs. I did it in
>regular clay but it was too fragile and fractured when handled. I want to
>try it in paper clay. I'd think that the cone would be determined by the
>clay to which the paper pulp is added.
That is correct; it's the clay that matters, not
whether there is paper in it (unless there's so
much paper that the ash fluxes the body -
unlikely for a commercial batch.)
Vwey thin slabs are easy with paperclay, but it's
so strong, it's tempting to get too thin. Remember
that paperclay is actually more fragile after
firing - the more paper, the higher the green
strength but the lower the fired strength. Again,
most commerecial paperclays are not high in
paper, but it's good to remember how deceptive
the strenght of the greenware can be.
Another point: if you are working sculpturally,
the clay may not need to be fully vitrified. If
a vitrified 'look' is not critical, then strength
may be the real determiner of optimum firing
temperature. Getting too close to vitrification
may cause undue pyroplasticity in such thin
slabs.
Still, it _would_ be nice if they'd tell you
what the theoretical firing temperature is!
-Snail
Jeoung-Ah K on sun 12 nov 06
Dear Catherine,
I am not sure if this post can reach to discussion list. I already mailed
twice but my mails never appeared in discussion. I hope this time, because
I think it can help you.
Please ask the supplier exact temperature ranges. You can fire 50-100=A2=AAC=
higher than mother clay if you do not get the right answer from them. The
best way of using any paper clay is mix it yourself.
The firing temp is depending on its mother clay; however paper clays are
50-250=A2=AAC higher temp than its mother clay. The type/amount of paper,
working method and what biscuit/gloss firing temp you choose will directly
influence to your work which means the physical/technical properties will
be changed. The micro-structure and chemical component of paper clay is no
longer same as its mother clay even after firing. The residue minerals
from paper are so little in a commercial paper clay compare to hand-made
paper clay. Fired strength of paper clay is lower than its mother clay
however the strengths are vary by type/amount of paper, working method and
what biscuit/gloss firing temp you choose. In the high (above 1350=A2=AAC)
temp, the fired strength becomes closer to its mother clay. Paper clay has
a sudden structural transformation in the interval of certain
temperatures; it happens interval 1100-1200=A2=AAC and again 1200-1250=A2=AA=
C in
case of Paper-composite porcelain.
More you can find answers from my book.
Author: Jeoung-Ah Kim
Title: Paper-composite porcelain: Characterisation of material properties
and workability from a ceramic art and design perspective
Language: English
Year: 2006
ISBN: 91-975911-2-2
Key words: Ceramic art and design, Interdisciplinarity, Paper clay,
Porcelain, Practice based
Here comes some links and info.
http://www.hdk.gu.se/forskning/kim/index_e.html (Press release)
http://www.hdk.gu.se/forskning/kim/abstract.html (Abstract)
http://goart.gu.se/kf_publ/KimToc.htm (Content)
http://goart.gu.se/kf_publ/kf_publ.htm (book order)
Jeoung-Ah, K. The characterization of paper composite porcelain in a fired
state by XRD and SEM. Jeounal of the European Ceramic Society, 2004, 24
(15-16), 3823-3831. (Below is web link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=3DArticleURL&_udi=3DB6TX0-4CB663B-
1&_coverDate=3D12%2F31%
2F2004&_alid=3D479776427&_rdoc=3D1&_fmt=3D&_orig=3Dsearch&_qd=3D1&_cdi=3D557=
6&_sort=3Dd&v
iew=3Dc&_acct=3DC000050221&_version=3D1&_urlVersion=3D0&_userid=3D10&md5=3D7=
1706713882c
abfce8a019f080db5a96
Jeoung-Ah, K. The characterization of paper-composite porcelain in a green
state. Jeounal of the European Ceramic Society, 2006, 26 (6), 1023-1034.
(Below is web link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=3DArticleURL&_udi=3DB6TX0-4FK3P9C-
4&_coverDate=3D12%2F31%
2F2006&_alid=3D479780045&_rdoc=3D1&_fmt=3D&_orig=3Dsearch&_qd=3D1&_cdi=3D557=
6&_sort=3Dd&v
iew=3Dc&_acct=3DC000050221&_version=3D1&_urlVersion=3D0&_userid=3D10&md5=3D9=
30e5939207d
7654888e6d63c8656805
Kim
Ron Roy on sun 12 nov 06
Hi Cathrine,
Tuckers makes a paper clay version of many different clays - some for low
fire, cone 6 and cone 10.
Perhaps you got that answer because no matter what cone you fire them to
they will still leak.
RR
>No clay stores here in Yuma, so I had a friend in a large city ask about the
>temperature ranges offered in paper clay. She was told that one size fits
>all. Is this possible? If so, why?
>
>
>
>I'm about to make a sculptural piece with extremely thin slabs. I did it in
>regular clay but it was too fragile and fractured when handled. I want to
>try it in paper clay. I'd think that the cone would be determined by the
>clay to which the paper pulp is added.
>
>
>
>Thanks,
>
>Catherine in AZ
Ron Roy
RR#4
15084 Little Lake Road
Brighton, Ontario
Canada
K0K 1H0
Jeoung-Ah Kim on mon 13 nov 06
"Third, my understanding is that the paper
doesn’t chemically react with the clay so that firing temperatures should
remain the same as the base clay."
The above, your understanding is not correct.
I investigated interaction between paper filler, paper fibre, and the porcelain clay body in both its fired/green states using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques and many other ceramic quantitative analysis techniques. XRD clearly shows that the paper composite porcelain bodies in the fired state mainly consist of α-quartz, mullite, anorthite and amorphous materials in a complex matrix. In the fired state, calcite from the waste paper’s relict interface to kaolinite from porcelain. A transformation to anorthite in the microstructure of paper composite porcelain was indicated. In the microstructure, anorthite tubes were observed as fibrous structures in their fired state.
The test batches were mixed with two different paper types (CP and HP) with three different paper ratios (50%, 70%, and 90% by volume, and 6.8%, 14.6%, and 39.8% in weight), five different firing temperatures, a base porcelain body (mother porcelain, M) with no paper fibre added, and two different raw paper types.
The samples were fired at elevate temperatures in every 20ºC from 900ºC to1400ºC.
After firing, the microstructure of paper composite porcelain bodies mainly consists of α-quartz, mullite, anorthite and amorphous materials; the grains held in a complex matrix. The chemical composition of raw recycled hybrid copy/print papers mainly consists of calcite, cellulose, and small amounts of maghemite and sodium calcium silicate. The chemical composition of other raw recycled hybrid papers mainly consists of calcite, cellulose, talc and kaolinite. Calcite as paper filler from the recycled papers melts with the kaolinite during the firing process. Their compositions transformed to anorthite in the microstructure of paper composite porcelain in a fired state. In paper composite porcelain, anorthite tubes as a fibrous structure are observed in fired bodies by SEM. The fibrous structures display strongly binding fibres, an interlocking of the fibres and construction in the fibrous bridging.
It is shown by the XRD that the only major crystalline phases present in the fired paper composite porcelain bodies are mullite, α-quartz, anorthite, and amorphous materials despite the different amounts or the different types of paper contents in bodies. The development of anorthite in the fired paper composite porcelain is caused by calcium carbonate from the waste paper that increases the heterogeneity in the formation of a porcelain body.
More detailed information you can find from my articles or book.
Kim
Tom Sawyer wrote:
I have been lurking for several months and haven't participated a great deal
during that time. Several things have been said about paper clay which may
or may not be true. The idea that paper clay after firing is less strong
intuitively sounds correct but I remember from physics that a column made of
a composite of small metal tubes is stronger that a solid column; unless
someone has test results, it may be best to withhold judgment about fired
strength; second, the idea that mixing paper clay oneself is better may be
flawed depending on end usage. Commercial paper clay uses fibers with
defined lengths; smaller fiber paper throws better than larger fibers;
therefore, I suspect that using found paper which may be composed of paper
fibers with long lengths may not always be best if one is interested in
throwing. As an aside, I have been using paper clay more and more and
Axner's began using a smaller fiber in there paper clay a while back which
definitely throws better that the paper clay they sold a few years ago. With
the longer fibers collaring was definitely impeded as compared with the
paper clay with smaller fibers. Third, my understanding is that the paper
doesn’t chemically react with the clay so that firing temperatures should
remain the same as the base clay.
Tom Sawyer
-----Original Message-----
From: Clayart [mailto:CLAYART@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG] On Behalf Of Jeoung-Ah K
Sent: Sunday, November 12, 2006 3:58 AM
To: CLAYART@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
Subject: Re: Paper Clay Cone Temp Range
Dear Catherine,
I am not sure if this post can reach to discussion list. I already mailed
twice but my mails never appeared in discussion. I hope this time, because
I think it can help you.
Please ask the supplier exact temperature ranges. You can fire 50-100¢ªC
higher than mother clay if you do not get the right answer from them. The
best way of using any paper clay is mix it yourself.
The firing temp is depending on its mother clay; however paper clays are
50-250¢ªC higher temp than its mother clay. The type/amount of paper,
working method and what biscuit/gloss firing temp you choose will directly
influence to your work which means the physical/technical properties will
be changed. The micro-structure and chemical component of paper clay is no
longer same as its mother clay even after firing. The residue minerals
from paper are so little in a commercial paper clay compare to hand-made
paper clay. Fired strength of paper clay is lower than its mother clay
however the strengths are vary by type/amount of paper, working method and
what biscuit/gloss firing temp you choose. In the high (above 1350¢ªC)
temp, the fired strength becomes closer to its mother clay. Paper clay has
a sudden structural transformation in the interval of certain
temperatures; it happens interval 1100-1200¢ªC and again 1200-1250¢ªC in
case of Paper-composite porcelain.
More you can find answers from my book.
Author: Jeoung-Ah Kim
Title: Paper-composite porcelain: Characterisation of material properties
and workability from a ceramic art and design perspective
Language: English
Year: 2006
ISBN: 91-975911-2-2
Key words: Ceramic art and design, Interdisciplinarity, Paper clay,
Porcelain, Practice based
Here comes some links and info.
http://www.hdk.gu.se/forskning/kim/index_e.html (Press release)
http://www.hdk.gu.se/forskning/kim/abstract.html (Abstract)
http://goart.gu.se/kf_publ/KimToc.htm (Content)
http://goart.gu.se/kf_publ/kf_publ.htm (book order)
Jeoung-Ah, K. The characterization of paper composite porcelain in a fired
state by XRD and SEM. Jeounal of the European Ceramic Society, 2004, 24
(15-16), 3823-3831. (Below is web link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TX0-4CB663B-
1&_coverDate=12%2F31%
2F2004&_alid=479776427&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5576&_sort=d&v
iew=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=71706713882c
abfce8a019f080db5a96
Jeoung-Ah, K. The characterization of paper-composite porcelain in a green
state. Jeounal of the European Ceramic Society, 2006, 26 (6), 1023-1034.
(Below is web link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TX0-4FK3P9C-
4&_coverDate=12%2F31%
2F2006&_alid=479780045&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5576&_sort=d&v
iew=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=930e5939207d
7654888e6d63c8656805
Kim
____________________________________________________________________________
__
Send postings to clayart@lsv.ceramics.org
You may look at the archives for the list or change your subscription
settings from http://www.ceramics.org/clayart/
Moderator of the list is Mel Jacobson who may be reached at
melpots@pclink.com.
______________________________________________________________________________
Send postings to clayart@lsv.ceramics.org
You may look at the archives for the list or change your subscription
settings from http://www.ceramics.org/clayart/
Moderator of the list is Mel Jacobson who may be reached at melpots@pclink.com.
PhD in Ceramics. Kim Jeoung-Ah
Speldosegatan 4
SE-42146, Västra Frölunda
Sweden
Tel: +46-739-849906
Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com
Tom Sawyer on mon 13 nov 06
Kim,
You lost me early. I'm not being argumentive and am just trying to
understand how paper changes the firing temperature in any meaningful =
manner
for potters; would it change it by a cone up or down? Additionally, if =
one
uses recycled paper or waste paper, what effect would the ink and other =
ways
paper is processed [chemically treated] for print or reprocessing effect
results? In other words would untreated/unlinked fiber behave =
differently
than recycled paper?
Thanks
Tom Sawyer
-----Original Message-----
From: Clayart [mailto:CLAYART@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG] On Behalf Of Jeoung-Ah =
Kim
Sent: Monday, November 13, 2006 6:33 AM
To: CLAYART@LSV.CERAMICS.ORG
Subject: Re: Paper Clay Cone Temp Range
"Third, my understanding is that the paper
doesn=92t chemically react with the clay so that firing temperatures =
should
remain the same as the base clay."
The above, your understanding is not correct.
I investigated interaction between paper filler, paper fibre, and the
porcelain clay body in both its fired/green states using X-ray =
diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques and many other =
ceramic
quantitative analysis techniques. XRD clearly shows that the paper =
composite
porcelain bodies in the fired state mainly consist of α-quartz,
mullite, anorthite and amorphous materials in a complex matrix. In the =
fired
state, calcite from the waste paper=92s relict interface to kaolinite =
from
porcelain. A transformation to anorthite in the microstructure of paper
composite porcelain was indicated. In the microstructure, anorthite =
tubes
were observed as fibrous structures in their fired state.
The test batches were mixed with two different paper types (CP and HP)
with three different paper ratios (50%, 70%, and 90% by volume, and =
6.8%,
14.6%, and 39.8% in weight), five different firing temperatures, a base
porcelain body (mother porcelain, M) with no paper fibre added, and two
different raw paper types.
The samples were fired at elevate temperatures in every 20=BAC from =
900=BAC
to1400=BAC.
After firing, the microstructure of paper composite porcelain bodies
mainly consists of α-quartz, mullite, anorthite and amorphous
materials; the grains held in a complex matrix. The chemical composition =
of
raw recycled hybrid copy/print papers mainly consists of calcite, =
cellulose,
and small amounts of maghemite and sodium calcium silicate. The chemical
composition of other raw recycled hybrid papers mainly consists of =
calcite,
cellulose, talc and kaolinite. Calcite as paper filler from the recycled
papers melts with the kaolinite during the firing process. Their
compositions transformed to anorthite in the microstructure of paper
composite porcelain in a fired state. In paper composite porcelain,
anorthite tubes as a fibrous structure are observed in fired bodies by =
SEM.
The fibrous structures display strongly binding fibres, an interlocking =
of
the fibres and construction in the fibrous bridging.
It is shown by the XRD that the only major crystalline phases =
present
in the fired paper composite porcelain bodies are mullite, =
α-quartz,
anorthite, and amorphous materials despite the different amounts or the
different types of paper contents in bodies. The development of =
anorthite in
the fired paper composite porcelain is caused by calcium carbonate from =
the
waste paper that increases the heterogeneity in the formation of a =
porcelain
body.
More detailed information you can find from my articles or book.
Kim
Jeoung-Ah Kim on mon 13 nov 06
Dear Tom,
Unlikely other discussion sites I used, it seems Clayart members do not like to show who I am or all members know each other very well. Unfortunately, I am quite new here which means I do not know any members personally in discussion include you. It makes me difficult.
By the way, it is not paper changes firing temperature Tom. We all learnt from school and from practice that changing mineral compositions will effect to firing temperatures. Paper clay has simply different minerals compare to its mother body. It does not matter new paper (whether from industry or hand-made) or recycled paper or natural fibre. Paper industries are using various minerals such as kaolinite, calcium carbonates, talk, titan dioxide, etc for certain purposes. Natural fibre contains various minerals. All these minerals influence to the firing temperatures and characteristics when it interferes to other mineral compositions in clay body.
Inks also influence to the firing temperature depends on type of inks.
It is enough for tonight.
Good night Tom!
Kim
Tom Sawyer wrote:
Kim,
You lost me early. I'm not being argumentive and am just trying to
understand how paper changes the firing temperature in any meaningful manner
for potters; would it change it by a cone up or down? Additionally, if one
uses recycled paper or waste paper, what effect would the ink and other ways
paper is processed [chemically treated] for print or reprocessing effect
results? In other words would untreated/unlinked fiber behave differently
than recycled paper?
Thanks
Tom Sawyer
PhD in Ceramics. Kim Jeoung-Ah
Speldosegatan 4
SE-42146, Västra Frölunda
Sweden
Tel: +46-739-849906
Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com
Catherine on mon 13 nov 06
To Marcia, Meryl, Snail, Ron,Kim, and Tom,=0D
=0D
Thank you all for all this info. =0D
=0D
Most important is the idea that this is Probably stronger at lower fired
temps than higher.=0D
=0D
Meryl, I saw your Doggie in the purse-teapot whose leash forms a handle.=20
Does the handle possibly have enough strength to support the weight of th=
e
piece? And, your procedurals accompanying the various pieces are pottery
lessons in themselves. =0D
=0D
Snail and Ron, I'll try Axner's or Tucker's if I can't purchase the white=
at
either MarJon's in Phoenix or Aardvark in Las Vegas. I much prefer drivin=
g
to Las Vegas where friends live and where I save shipping costs. =0D
=0D
Marcia, the firing temps are so helpful. I'm going to experiment with a =
^2
bisque. Maybe some one-fire, too.=0D
=0D
Kim and Tom, your information is so beautifully technical. Fun to read. =
And
extremely helpful in understanding how paper clay works. Since my early
efforts at home-made paper clay were too labor intensive, I'm for buying =
it
ready-made. =0D
=0D
And, Snail, you were born to do Infomercials. Hilarious. I sent that of=
f
to my two good friends who also love clay.=0D
=0D
Again, thanks one and all........... =0D
Catherine in Yuma, AZ
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